Mohammed 音标拼音: [moh'æmɪd]
n . 穆罕默德
穆罕默德
Mohammed n 1 :
the Arab prophet who ,
according to Islam ,
was the last messenger of Allah (
570 -
632 ) [
synonym : {
Mohammed }, {
Mohammad },
{
Muhammad }, {
Mahomet }, {
Mahound }]
Mohammed \
Mohammed \ (
m [=
o ]*
h [
a ^]
m "
m [
e ^]
d )
n . ['
The praised one '.] [
Also spelled {
Mahomed }, {
Mahomet }, {
Muhammad } (
the Arabic form ), {
Mahmoud }, {
Mehemet },
etc .]
The prophet who founded Islam (
570 -
632 ).
Syn :
Muhammad ,
Mahomet ,
Mahmoud .
[
WordNet 1 .
5 ]
Mohammed (
or Mahomet (
ma *
hom "
et ))
was born at Mecca ,
Arabia ,
about 570 :
died at Medina ,
Arabia ,
June 8 ,
632 .
He was the founder of Mohammedanism ,
or Islam ('
surrender ,'
namely ,
to God ).
He was the posthumous son of Abdallah by his wife Amina ,
of the family of Hashim ,
the noblest among the Koreish ,
and was brought up in the desert among the Banu Saad by a Bedouin woman named Halima .
At the age of six he lost his mother ,
and at eight his grandfather ,
when he was cared for by his uncle Abu -
Talib .
When about twelve years old (
582 )
he accompanied a caravan to Syria ,
and may on this occasion have come for the first time in contact with Jews and Christians .
A few years later he took part in the "
sacrilegious war " (
so called because carried on during the sacred months ,
when fighting was forbidden )
which raged between the Koreish and the Banu Hawazin 580 -
590 .
He attended sundry preachings and recitations at Okatz ,
which may have awakened his poetical and rhetorical powers and his religious feelings ;
and for some time was occupied as a shepherd ,
to which he later refers as being in accordance with his career as a prophet ,
even as it was with that of Moses and David .
When twenty -
five years old he entered the service of the widow Khadijah ,
and made a second journey to Syria ,
on which he again had an opportunity to come in frequent contact with Jews and Christians ,
and to acquire some knowledge of their religious teachings .
He soon married Khadijah ,
who was fifteen years his senior .
Of the six children which she bore him ,
Fatima became the most famous .
In 605 he attained some influence in Mecca by settling a dispute about the rebuilding of the Kaaba .
The impressions which he had gathered from his contact with Judaism and Christianity ,
and from Arabic lore ,
began now strongly to engage his mind .
He frequently retired to solitary places ,
especially to the cave of Mount Hira ,
north of Mecca .
He passed at that time (
he was then about forty years old )
through great mental struggles ,
and repeatedly meditated suicide .
It must have been during these lonely contemplations that the yearnings for a messenger from God for his people ,
and the thought that he himself might be destined for this mission ,
were born in his ardent mind .
During one of his reveries ,
in the month of Ramadan ,
610 ,
he beheld in sleep the angel Gabriel ,
who ordered him to read from a scroll which he held before him the words which begin the 96th sura (
chapter )
of the Koran .
After the lapse of some time ,
a second vision came ,
and then the revelations began to follow one another frequently .
His own belief in his mission as apostle and prophet of God was now firmly established .
The first convert was his wife Khadijah ,
then followed his cousin and adopted son Ali ,
his other adopted son Zeid ,
and Abu -
Bekr ,
afterward his father -
in -
law and first successor (
calif ).
Gradually about 60 adherents rallied about him .
But after three years '
preaching the mass of the Meccans rose against him ,
so that part of his followers had to resort to Abyssinia for safety in 614 .
This is termed the first hejira .
Mohammed in the meanwhile continued his meetings in the house of one of his disciples ,
Arqaan ,
in front of the Kaaba ,
which later became known as the "
House of Islam ."
At one time he offered the Koreish a compromise ,
admitting their gods into his system as intercessors with the Supreme Being ,
but ,
becoming conscience -
stricken ,
took back his words .
The conversion of Hamza and Omar and 39 others in 615 -
616 strengthened his cause .
The Koreish excommunicated Mohammed and his followers ,
who were forced to live in retirement .
In 620 ,
at the pilgrimage ,
he won over to his teachings a small party from Medina .
In Medina ,
whither a teacher was deputed ,
the new religion spread rapidly .
To this period belongs the vision or dream of the miraculous ride ,
on the winged horse Borak ,
to Jerusalem ,
where he was received by the prophets ,
and thence ascended to heaven .
In 622 more than 70 persons from Medina bound themselves to stand by Mohammed .
The Meccans proposed to kill him ,
and he fled on the 20th of June ,
622 ,
to Medina .
This is known as the hejira ('
the flight '),
and marks the beginning of the Mohammedan era .
This event formed a turning -
point in the activity of Mohammed .
He was thus far a religious preacher and persuader ;
he became in his Medinian period a legislator and warrior .
He built there in 623 the first mosque ,
and married Ayesha .
In 624 the first battle for the faith took place between Mohammed and the Meccans in the plain of Bedr ,
in which the latter were defeated .
At this time ,
also ,
Mohammed began bitterly to inveigh against the Jews ,
who did not recognize his claims to be the "
greater prophet "
promised by Moses .
He changed the attitude of prayer (
kibla )
from the direction of Jerusalem to that of the Kaaba in Mecca ,
appointed Friday as the day for public worship ,
and instituted the fast of Ramadan and the tithe or poor -
rate .
The Jewish tribe of the Banu Kainuka ,
settled at Medina ,
was driven out ;
while of another Jewish tribe ,
the Banu Kuraiza ,
all the men ,
700 in number ,
were massacred .
In 625 Mohammed and his followers were defeated by the Meccans in the battle of Ohud .
The following years were filled out with expeditions .
One tribe after another submitted to Mohammed ,
until in 631 something like a definite Mohammedan empire was established .
In 632 the prophet made his last pilgrimage to Mecca ,
known as the "
farewell pilgrimage ,"
or the pilgrimage of the "
announcement "
or of "
Islam ."
In the same year he died while planning an expedition against the frontier of the Byzantine empire .
Mohammed was a little above the middle height ,
of a commanding figure ,
and is described as being of a modest ,
tender ,
and generous disposition .
His manner of life was very simple and frugal .
He mended his own clothes ,
and his common diet was barley -
bread and water .
But he enjoyed perfumes and the charms of women .
His character appears composed of the strongest inconsistencies .
He could be tender ,
kind ,
and liberal ,
but on occasions indulged in cruel and perfidious assassinations .
With regard to his prophetic claims ,
it is as difficult to assume that he was sincere throughout ,
or self -
deceived ,
as that he was throughout an impostor .
In his doctrines there is practically nothing original .
The legends of the Koran are chiefly drawn from the Old Testament and the rabbinical literature ,
which Mohammed must have learned from a Jew near Mecca ,
though he presents them as original revelations by the angel Gabriel ,
See {
Koran }.
[
Century Dict .
1906 ]
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